The Architecture of a Propeller

On the surface, a propeller seems like a simple device. Once you learn to measure some common prop dimensions and ponder the nearly limitless combinations of these variables you see that it is very complex. Then at some point, after much studying, you will attain prop enlightenment and the propeller will become simple again. There are no promises of prop enlightenment or other engineering magic here, just some basic terms and measurements to help you see how a prop interacts with the rest of the vessel and the elements. With this knowledge, you will be able to determine prop performance characteristics. Architecture of a Propeller Hub – This is the central portion of the prop that fits onto the prop shaft. It is a hollow cylinder where the bases of the blades are attached.Blades – These are the large, flat pieces that radiate out from the hub. This is what pushes the water making the boat move forward.Root – This is where the blade attaches to the hub.Leading Edge - This refers to the edge of a blade that is moving into the water.Trailing Edge – This is the edge of a blade that is opposite the leading edge.Blade Face – The wide part of the blade, often divided into fore and aft faces. Propeller Variables Diameter – The diameter of a prop is the distance across the propeller. If you are viewing a prop from the rear of a boat and imagine the prop making a solid circle as it spins the diameter will be the distance across that circle. To measure this dimension measure one blade from the center of the hub to the tip of the blade then double that number to get the diameter. Pitch – This measurement is the mystery for many people but the definition is very simple. The pitch of a prop tells us the maximum distance a propeller will move a vessel forward through the water. Take note of the word maximum in this description. Pitch is often referred to as a theoretical measurement because no prop operates at one hundred percent efficiency. The laws of fluid dynamics tell us that there is a significant loss of power at the prop which can be as much as one-third of maximum efficiency. This means that a prop with a pitch of 21 inches will only move a boat forward fourteen inches in the real world. To measure pitch, you need to take several measurements. These measurements are going to be much more accurate if you have the prop off the shaft and can lay it flat on a table. Don’t worry if you need to do this while it is still attached to the vessel, it will be slightly less accurate but this is not a precision engineering measurement. First, find the widest part of one blade and draw a line across the face from edge to edge. Then measure the distance from the front of the hub to the points where your line meets each edge of the blade. You can do this best while viewing the prop from the side. Take the smaller measurement and subtract it from the larger. Next use a protractor, angle gauge, or carpentry square to measure the triangle formed by the two points at either end of the line drawn across the widest part of the propeller blade and the center of the hub. The narrow, pointy end should be at the center of the hub. Measure the angle between the two lines radiating out from the center of the hub. Now take the first measurement and multiply it by 360. Then take the result and divide it by the angle you found in the second measurement. The resulting number is the pitch of the prop. For example, a prop that has a three-inch difference between the leading and trailing edge at the center of a blade and has a thirty-degree angle between the leading edge and the trailing edge of the blade will have a pitch of ​36 inches. This is calculated as; 3 x 360 / 30 36. There are also inexpensive prop gauges available but where is the fun in that approach. Rake – Rake is the angle between the cylinder that forms the hub and an imaginary line from the blade root to the tip of the blade. This is best measured with a protractor or angle gauge since the measurement will be a fairly small number. Prop Markings The easiest way to find prop diameter and pitch is to read the markings stamped or cast into the hub. These are two numbers separated by a dash. The first number is the diameter and the second is the pitch.

Assignment of Auditing - 1402 Words

A professional judgment is a key factor in auditing. As a result of development of auditing and accounting industry, especially after a series of accounting fraud and auditing failure cases, such as Enron and Arthur Andersen, in the last decade, professional judgments is becoming a more and more important aspect for the independent auditing industry. Recently, many countries and professional bad issued more strict auditing standards to emphasize to this point. It means the auditor should be required to take broader processes and consider more types of information when he/she doing auditing job. The auditor must be more careful when he/she using professional judgments to identify the risks of material misstatements. At the same time,†¦show more content†¦In this place, auditing risk become very high and auditors must be very careful to use their professional judgment. An acceptable process is increasing substantive test. Every material transaction should be checked and redefi ned. These four aspects above are focused on accounting methods and standards. The conflict is caused by the difference between auditors’ professional judgment and management’s business judgment. In above example, even if these directors are honest and reasonable, the conflict is hard to remove completely. Moreover, there are other factors will influence the business judgment and professional judgment. The first factor is internal control system. As we know, the level of internal control system will significantly influence the inhere risk in auditing. Under the good internal control system, the quality of accounting figures is more accurate and acceptable. Hence, the level of auditing risk become lower and the auditor may reduce relative substantive test under his/her professional judgment. On the contrary, poor internal control will sharply increase the risk of auditing. To avoid auditing failure, auditors have to depend on their professional judgment and take large amount of substantive test. On the other hand, the level of an enterprise’s internal control depends on its management’s business judgment and theirShow MoreRelatedAuditing Assignment1425 Words   |  6 Pagesauditor. (APESB, 2013) | * Accepting the discounted yearly membership may pose threats to the integrity, objectivity and independence of David, * He could be influenced to return a favour to t he firm * Give an impression that David attended assignment is bias and will not benefit the public. | Part C: Members in Business | | S300.6 Cannot knowingly engage in any business that impairs or might impair the good reputation of the profession. S310.3 Threats arising from pressures shall beRead MoreExternal Auditing: Assignment1203 Words   |  5 PagesWeek 7 Assignment Chapter 20, pages 623–625: Problems 20-17 and 20-20 20-17 a. (2) b. (3) c. (3) 20-20 1. 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Smartphone and Work-Life Balance for Internet- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theSmartphone and Work-Life Balance for Internet. Answer: Work-life balance is basically the level of participation between the personal as well as professional activities in a particular persons life. It is also used to refer to the level to which their activities related to their job are present at their respective residences. There are several explanations of the ideal work life balance. It is a huge issue in the present age of technological advancement and internet facilities as the increased amount of technology is thought to remove the importance of physical location in the definition of work life balance. Previously it was actually impossible to take work home before the advent of the internet and technology. Now, however the lines have become blurred between work and time spent at home. Contributing to the changes happening in the cultural political and the financial spheres, the digital age of internet networks and mobile technologies has a considerable impact of the present day work situations and businesses. Used by billions of people, smart-phones have become a tool for employee empowerment. Technological advancement specifically in the past decade has been huge enough to be immeasurable. The lines between professional and personal are blurred due to the advancement in the mobile technology in addition to the cloud based software and internet propagation. On witnessing this requirement to become much more flexible the workers are challenged in balancing their lives and work in a proper and effective manner. This is due to the fact that employees at present can be permanently at work due to their availability all round the clock. It is often argued that the smart-phones have replaced the authoritarian control of the managers. The main issue which is being discuss ed in this particular essay is related to the smart-phone use and the work-life balance. The claim made is The smart-phone enables employees to achieve work-life balance. This claim is rather erroneous because there have been several instances of stress arising in the lives of the employees due to the incessant use of smart-phones and their automatic connectivity to work and their availability to their work authorities. Stress is reportedly the most common feature of a poor work-life balance. In the present situation of technological advancement and demanding jobs mental stress has been considered to be a significant economic as well as health issue which is responsible for causing the need for employees to do more in less amount of time (Sarker et al., 2012). Popular complaints which are often made by people who are against the claim is that employers should have a certain responsibility towards their employees. Certain sections of people feel that employees who are stressed out and tired are less productive and much more likely to commit errors (Derks et al., 2015). The way in which people work at present has changed drastically and in case there is not a proper amount of check on the time spent on the gadgets, there is a chance that the mobile devices can severely impact personal lives of the working class. Smart-phones by nature are addictive thereby harming the way a person starts or ends his or her life. Though smart-phones help in staying connected, it also causes a severe pressure and they majorly impact the work-life balance of employees (Skinner Chapman, 2013). It has been extensively stated that the work family conflict causes a major decrease in the employees job satisfaction and organisational commitment thereby increasing their turnover intentions, job related stress and burnouts. Conflicts of such nature can be mitigated by the creation of a proper work life balance amid the changing pattern of work and its demands. Despite the fact that smart-phones on many occasions help employees to meet their professional targets, it also hampers the family life and its enrichment (MacCormick, Dery Kolb, 2012). The threshold level of smart-phone use is different for different employees and therefore can have varying impacts on their lives (Oulasvirt et al., 2013). Doctors all over the world are also suggesting the urgent need to ensure a time of no-gadget use. It is desirable that all employees need to relax and avoid any sort of smart-phone usage. People on the positive side of the claim feel that smart-phones connect individuals with their colleagues around the world thereby allowing them to respond quickly, collaborate much more efficiently and streamline the flow of work or even access corporate data with the help of applications on the smart-phones. They can balance their lives in case of flexible timings and work from home facilities. It is also their claim that concepts of flexible timings and even the possibilities of taking work home were not even a possibility earlier. Cases were mothers can work from home and even take care of their kids are a facility which only technological advancement has been able to make possible. Smart-phones help employees to connect and make known their problems from the comfort of their respective homes (Skinner Chapman, 2013). Smart-phone has undoubtedly revolutionized the way in which people communicate for their work purposes and the way in which they can access information which are related to their work as well as private interests. It has also shaped service as developers for seeking to taking advantage of on the market available for the development of apps and other content for the smart-phone users. They give users the ability to stay on top of the work outside of their offices and the employers also benefit from the increased amounts of productivity (MacCormick, Dery Kolb, 2012). There is no doubt however that there is a significant loss of private time and problems between the personal life and their work place. It is actually the connectivity 24*7 which causes a major disruption in the work life balance (Yun, Kettinger Lee, 2012). It is therefore the duty of the employees to make sure that they keep sufficient amount of time for their families and their home. It is crucial to have a solid foundation of family values in order to succeed in the workplace as well. A person whose mind is always disrupted with issues at home cannot be productive at his or her work as well. References: Demerouti, E., Derks, D., Lieke, L., Bakker, A. B. (2014). New ways of working: Impact on working conditions, workfamily balance, and well-being. InThe impact of ICT on quality of working life(pp. 123-141). Springer, Dordrecht. Derks, D., Bakker, A. B. (2014). Smartphone use, workhome interference, and burnout: A diary study on the role of recovery.Applied Psychology,63(3), 411-440. Derks, D., Duin, D., Tims, M., Bakker, A. B. (2015). Smartphone use and workhome interference: The moderating role of social norms and employee work engagement.Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology,88(1), 155-177. Dery, K., Kolb, D., MacCormick, J. (2014). Working with connective flow: how smartphone use is evolving in practice.European Journal of Information Systems,23(5), 558-570. MacCormick, J. S., Dery, K., Kolb, D. G. (2012). Engaged or just connected? Smartphones and employee engagement.Organizational Dynamics,41(3), 194-201. Oulasvirta, A., Rattenbury, T., Ma, L., Raita, E. (2012). Habits make smartphone use more pervasive.Personal and Ubiquitous Computing,16(1), 105-114. Sarker, S., Xiao, X., Sarker, S., Ahuja, M. (2012). Managing Employees' Use of Mobile Technologies to Minimize Work-Life Balance Impacts.MIS Quarterly Executive,11(4). Skinner, N. J., Chapman, J. (2013).Work-life balance and family friendly policies(Doctoral dissertation, ANZSOG-The Australia and New Zealand School o). Yun, H., Kettinger, W. J., Lee, C. C. (2012). A new open door: the smartphone's impact on work-to-life conflict, stress, and resistance.International Journal of Electronic Commerce,16(4), 121-152.

The Political Investment Environment of India Essay Example

The Political Investment Environment of India Paper Like the situation in China, it is important and critical for investors to know local lattice environment and government relations if planning to run business locally in India, since government has large rights over a lot of affairs. After doing some research, I find that there are supports as well as some obstacles placed from political environment. According to Embassy of the Peoples Republic of China in India, before 1991 , India government was cautious of opening domestic market to foreign investors. Introduction of foreign investment industries were mostly considered to be advanced technology or which can ensure product export. However, India government changed the attitude that they cancelled some limitations to FAD (foreign direct investment) and established Foreign Investment Promotion Board and Cabinet Committee to encourage FAD, expanding the entry scope of FAD and relaxing equity holding limits. Indian government encourages foreign capital to flow to the new and high technology industries, especially software industry. Thus there are preferential policies on investment in software industry, such as exempting taxes of import and export software, exempting income tax in 10 years, setting standard international intellectual property rights to protect reign investors. What more, as stated in the agreement on Trade- Related Investment Measures (TRIMS), Indian government reduced and eliminated discrimination of foreign investment, adjusting the policies of FAD in India to be as equal as domestic business, such as reducing tax rate and permitting FAD to practice all the preferential policies in high-tech commercial zones. We will write a custom essay sample on The Political Investment Environment of India specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Political Investment Environment of India specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Political Investment Environment of India specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In certain industries, India even practices policies that are advantageous to foreign companies. For example, Indian government required that new private investors who wanted to enter telecoms service industry needed to cooperate with foreign investors, giving chances for foreign investors to break into Indian market. On the other hand, theres some disadvantages of investing in India. Firstly, in terms Of government system, according to the website ABUTTING, Indian government mainly practices federal system of government, which consists of central government and state governments and is a multi-party system of government. The general parties are state-level parties before they are registered by the Electoral Commission (CE) to become nation-level parties, which may participate in different nationwide elections. Besides, other political organizations, commissions and Nooks play major parts in Indians politics. This little bit complex political system places obstacles for foreigners who are not familiar with local political environment. Investors need to figure out the relations between different political parties and their rights over different affairs. Then it would be easier to run business locally and more possible to succeed. Besides, it is said on ABOUT INDIA that political turmoil happens when a minority government is formed. This may affect export- oriented companies and investors who invest in these kinds of companies, nice new parties draw up and implement different policies that directly impact business environment. Moreover, like other developing country, corruption in India is severe. It is stated on Remuneration International, an international market research and business strategy provider, that corruption in India seriously impacts its business and political environment. According to Transparency Internationally Corruption Perceptions Index for Selected Countries in 201 0, India ranked 87th place out of 180 countries. The image of Indian government reduces investors confidence of investing in India. Theres supporting policies from Indian government as well as obstacles.